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CHEM 152 - Survey of Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry

Course Description

  • Prerequisite: (CHEM 151 & 151L) OR (CHEM 162 or 171)

Structure, nomenclature, properties, reactions of organic compounds emphasizing those of practical importance in related fields. May be taken on a CR/NC basis.

Student Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of CHEM 152, the student will be able to:

1 – ALKANES

  • Differentiate organic and inorganic compounds.
  • State the unique nature of carbon that enables it to form so many compounds of varying sizes and complexities.
  • State the general properties of organic compounds.
  • Describe the formation of sp3 hybrid orbitals from carbon’s atomic orbitals.
  • Describe sp3 hybrid orbitals and relate their geometries to bond formation.
  • Draw Lewis, condensed, carbon skeleton, and line structural formulas for alkanes, given their formulas or names.
  • Given structural formulas for alkanes, give their names.
  • Given their structural formulas, name common functional groups and their classes of organic molecules.
  • Give the bond angles and geometries of simple alkanes.
  • Name the first ten alkanes.
  • Draw structural isomers for simple alkanes.
  • Name cycloalkanes, given their structural formulas; draw structural formulas for cycloalkanes, given their names.
  • Give the chemical products for the combustion of hydrocarbons.
  • Describe the relationship between molecular mass and state of matter among Alkanes.

2 – UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

  • Define unsaturated hydrocarbons.
  • Define and classify alkenes, alkynes, and benzene compounds.
  • Name alkenes, alkynes and benzene compounds, given their structural formulas.
  • Write the structural formulas of alkenes, alkynes, and benzene compounds, given their names.
  • Write names and structural formulas for cis- and trans- geometric isomers.
  • Write equations for addition reactions of alkenes, and use Markovnikov’s rule to predict the major products for certain reactions.
  • Write equations for addition polymerization, given the monomers; give the monomer for an addition polymer.
  • Name and draw structures for simple benzene compounds.
  • Write equations for benzene reactions.
  • Describe the sp2 and sp hybrid orbitals and their bonding.
  • Describe carbon-carbon double bonds, triple bonds, and the benzene ring.

3 – ALCOHOLS

  • Name and draw structural formulas for alcohols, phenols, and ethers.
  • Classify alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary, given their structural formulas.
  • Describe hydrogen bonding in alcohols, and discuss how it influences the physical properties of alcohols.
  • Write equations for alcohol dehydration and oxidation reactions.
  • Write names and structures for thiols.
  • Write the oxidation reaction for thiols, and the reduction reaction for disulfides.
  • Describe the odor of thiols.

4 – ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

  • Define the carbony, aldehyde and ketone groups.
  • Describe the bonding in a carbonyl group.
  • Give names and structural formulas of aldehydes and ketones.
  • List the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones.
  • Write reactions for aldehydes and ketones.

5 – CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS

  • Give names and structural formulas for carboxylic acids and esters.
  • Describe the bonding and the acidity of the carboxylic acid group.
  • Explain how hydrogen bonding influences the physical properties of carboxylic acids.
  • Describe the aroma of volatile carboxylic acids and esters.
  • Write the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to produce an ester.
  • Write the hydrolysis reaction for esters.
  • Write the reduction reaction for esters.
  • Identify the structures of phosphate esters.

6 – AMINES AND AMIDES

  • Describe the amine and amide functional groups.
  • Given structural formulas, classify amines as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
  • Give names and structural formulas for amines and amides.
  • Describe the basicity of amines.
  • Discuss how hydrogen bonding influences the physical properties of amines.
  • Write reactions of amines and amides.

7 – CARBOHYDRATES

  • Define carbohydrates, and identify them, given their formulas.
  • Describe the four major functions of carbohydrates in living organisms.
  • Classify carbohydrates as monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
  • Identify chiral carbons in molecules.
  • Draw Fisher projections of D and L compounds.
  • Classify monosaccharides in terms of numbers of carbon atoms, and by type of carbonyl group.
  • Describe sources and uses for important monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
  • Identify and classify glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
  • Identify alpha and beta glycosidic linkages, given names or Haworth structures of carbohydrates.
  • Describe the + and – rotations of light in terms of optical isomerism.
  • Describe the hydrolysis reactions of carbohydrates.
  • Identify the pyranose and furanose cyclic monosaccharide structures.

8 – LIPIDS

  • Define lipids.
  • Define saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipids and list members of these classes.
  • Describe five major functions of lipids.
  • Describe four general characteristics of fatty acids.
  • Draw the structural formula of a fatty acid molecule and label the polar/nonpolar, head/tail, hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions.
  • Compare and contrast fats and oils.
  • Write key reactions for fats and oils.
  • Describe saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids.
  • Describe simple and complex lipids.
  • Describe micelles.
  • Describe the major features of cell membrane structure.
  • Identify the steroidal nucleus.
  • List important groups of steroids in the body.
  • Describe the major categories of steroid hormones.
  • Describe the biological importance of prostaglandins.
  • Given structural formulas, identify steroids, fatty acids, triglycerides, and prostaglandins.
  • Describe the serum lipid fractions: VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL.
  • Describe the importance and problems of cholesterol in the body.

9 – PROTEINS

  • Draw the structure of the generic amino acid molecule, identifying its characteristic parts.
  • Draw and name glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, and cysteine.
  • Draw structural formulas for the various ionic forms of amino acids in acidic, neutral and basic solutions.
  • Write reactions to represent the formation and hydrolysis of peptides.
  • Describe the uses of important peptides and proteins.
  • Describe proteins in terms of the following characteristics: size, function, classification as fibrous or globular, and classification as simple or conjugated.
  • Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure.
  • Describe the side chain interactions of amino acid residues in proteins.
  • Compare and contrast denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins.
  • Describe the functions of proteins in the human body.
  • Describe the use of serum protein assays in assessing human health.

10 – ENZYMES

  • Describe the classes of biochemicals that possess enzymatic activity.
  • Describe the general characteristics of enzymes, and explain why enzymes are vital to life.
  • Describe the structure of a holoenzyme in terms of its apoenzyme, coenzyme, and metal ion acitivator; define enzyme cofactor.
  • Describe the interaction between enzyme and substrate to form product in structural terms.
  • Describe the lock-and-key and the induced-fit theories of enzyme-substrate binding.
  • Describe enzyme activity.
  • Identify the factors that affect enzyme activity.
  • Compare the mechanisms of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.
  • Describe the three methods of cellular control over enzyme activity.
  • Describe the detailed enzyme-substrate binding interactions that accelerate the reaction in terms of proximity, productive binding, and strain hypothesis.
  • Describe the use of enzyme assays in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases: creatine kinase, lipase, amylase, etc.
  • Define isoenzymes.

11 – NUCLEIC ACIDS

  • Identify the components of nucleotides and correctly classify sugars and bases.
  • Describe the structure of DNA.
  • Outline the process of DNA replication.
  • Contrast the structures of DNA and RNA and list the function of the three types of cellular RNA.
  • Describe transcription and translation in gene expression.
  • Explain how the genetic code functions in the flow of genetic information.
  • Outline the process by which proteins are synthesized in cells.
  • Describe how genetic mutations occur and how they influence organisms.
  • Translate nucleic acid base sequences into amino acid sequences.
  • Describe the technology used to produce recombinant DNA.

12 – NUTRITION

  • Define macronutrients and micronutrients.
  • Describe the primary functions in the body of each macronutrient.
  • Define water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and describe their behavior in the body.
  • List primary functions in the body of major minerals.
  • Describe the major steps in the flow of energy in the biosphere.
  • Differentiate among metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
  • Outline the three stages of extraction of energy from food.
  • Explain the importance of ATP in cellular energetics.
  • Describe the human gastro-intestinal system in terms of its digestion and absorption of nutrients.
  • Describe the accessory organs of the gastro-intestinal system and the role of hormones in regulating human nutrition.

13 – CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

  • Identify the products of carbohydrate digestion.
  • Explain the importance of the body’s maintenance of blood glucose levels.
  • Explain the role of the glycolytic pathway in terms of its starting material and products.
  • Describe the regulation of the glycolytic pathway.
  • Name the three fates of pyruvate.
  • Identify the two major functions of the citric acid cycle.
  • Describe how the citric acid cycle is regulated in response to cellular energy needs.
  • Explain the function of the electron transport chain in terms of starting materials and products.
  • Explain the processes of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
  • Describe gluconeogenesis.
  • Describe how hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Describe feedback and product inhibition regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

15 – BODY FLUIDS

  • Compare the chemical compositions of plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid.
  • Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported within the blood.
  • Discuss how proper fluid and electrolyte balance is maintained in the body.
  • Explain how acid-base balance is maintained in the body.
  • Explain how buffers work to control blood pH.
  • Describe respiratory and urinary control of blood pH.
  • List the causes of acidosis and alkalosis, and the body’s compensatory mechanisms.